DSSR-PyMOL cartoon-block schematics: PDB entry 9kak

PDB-id

9kak; DSSR-derived features in text and JSON formats

Class

translocase

Method

cryo-EM (3.1 Å)

Summary

Cryoem structure of ltag bound to sv40 at half origin DNA

Reference

Shahid T, Danazumi AU, Tehseen M, Alhudhali L, Clark AR, Savva CG, Hamdan SM, De Biasio A (2025): "Structural dynamics of DNA unwinding by a replicative helicase." Nature, 641, 240-249. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08766-w.

Abstract

Hexameric helicases are nucleotide-driven molecular machines that unwind DNA to initiate replication across all domains of life. Despite decades of intensive study, several critical aspects of their function remain unresolved₁: the site and mechanism of DNA strand separation, the mechanics of unwinding propagation, and the dynamic relationship between nucleotide hydrolysis and DNA movement. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we show that the simian virus 40 large tumour antigen (LTag) helicase assembles in the form of head-to-head hexamers at replication origins, melting DNA at two symmetrically positioned sites to establish bidirectional replication forks. Through continuous heterogeneity analysis₂, we characterize the conformational landscape of LTag on forked DNA under catalytic conditions, demonstrating coordinated motions that drive DNA translocation and unwinding. We show that the helicase pulls the tracking strand through DNA-binding loops lining the central channel, while directing the non-tracking strand out of the rear, in a cyclic process. ATP hydrolysis functions as an 'entropy switch', removing blocks to translocation rather than directly powering DNA movement. Our structures show the allosteric couplings between nucleotide turnover and subunit motions that enable DNA unwinding while maintaining dedicated exit paths for the separated strands. These findings provide a comprehensive model for replication fork establishment and progression that extends from viral to eukaryotic systems. More broadly, they introduce fundamental principles of the mechanism by which ATP-dependent enzymes achieve efficient mechanical work through entropy-driven allostery.